8+ Best Lie Down With Lions Books & Reviews


8+ Best Lie Down With Lions Books & Reviews

This phrase refers to Ken Follett’s 1986 Chilly Warfare thriller centered round a fictional Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The title alludes to the proverb “to lie down with lions,” which means to affiliate with harmful individuals or conditions, foreshadowing the perilous circumstances confronted by the novel’s protagonist, Ellis Carver. The story follows Carver, a photojournalist, as he turns into entangled in espionage and political intrigue whereas protecting the battle, forcing him to navigate treacherous landscapes and confront formidable adversaries.

As a preferred work of historic fiction, this novel affords readers an interesting narrative interwoven with the advanced political local weather of the Eighties. It explores themes of braveness, betrayal, and the human value of struggle towards the backdrop of a pivotal second in international historical past. The novel’s enduring enchantment stems from its fast-paced plot, well-developed characters, and exploration of ethical ambiguities inside a high-stakes battle. Its depiction of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare, although fictionalized, gives priceless context for understanding the historic interval and its lasting affect.

Additional exploration of the novel may delve into analyses of its key characters, its portrayal of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare’s affect on people and nations, and its exploration of journalistic ethics in instances of battle. One may additionally look at its vital reception, its place inside Follett’s broader physique of labor, and its contribution to the style of Chilly Warfare thrillers.

1. Chilly Warfare Espionage

Lie Down with Lions locations Chilly Warfare espionage at its narrative core. The Soviet-Afghan Warfare, a proxy battle inside the bigger Chilly Warfare, gives the backdrop for a posh internet of espionage actions. The novel’s protagonist turns into entangled on this internet, dealing with challenges pushed by the competing pursuits of superpowers vying for affect. The clandestine operations depicted within the novel, whereas fictionalized, replicate the real-world tensions and covert actions attribute of the period. Examples embrace using misinformation, the recruitment of native operatives, and the fixed risk of double brokers. These components underscore the pervasive environment of suspicion and intrigue that outlined the Chilly Warfare.

The novel’s emphasis on espionage highlights the excessive stakes concerned within the Chilly Warfare battle. Management of knowledge, affect over regional actors, and the pursuit of strategic benefit fueled the actions of either side. The narrative demonstrates how people may turn into pawns in bigger geopolitical video games, caught between highly effective forces past their management. The hazards inherent in such a local weather are vividly portrayed by way of the protagonist’s experiences, emphasizing the human value of ideological battle. The precarious steadiness of energy throughout the Chilly Warfare, illustrated by the occasions in Afghanistan, underscores the fixed risk of escalation and the devastating potential penalties.

Understanding the historic context of Chilly Warfare espionage enriches the reader’s appreciation of Lie Down with Lions. The novel affords a glimpse into the advanced machinations of intelligence businesses and the pervasive environment of mistrust that permeated international politics. Whereas the novel focuses on a particular battle, its exploration of espionage themes resonates with broader Chilly Warfare narratives, providing priceless insights into the interval’s defining traits and the enduring affect of its legacy.

2. Soviet-Afghan Warfare

The Soviet-Afghan Warfare serves because the backdrop for Ken Follett’s Lie Down with Lions, immediately influencing the plot, characters, and themes. This battle, lasting from 1979 to 1989, gives a traditionally charged setting that heightens the stress and complexity of the narrative. Understanding this historic context is essential for a complete appreciation of the novel.

  • Geopolitical Context

    The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan stemmed from Chilly Warfare tensions and the Soviet Union’s need to take care of affect in a strategically necessary area. The struggle grew to become a proxy battle between the superpowers, with the US supporting the Afghan mujahideen towards the Soviet forces. This international context provides one other layer of complexity to the private struggles depicted within the novel, highlighting the affect of worldwide politics on particular person lives.

  • The Mujahideen Resistance

    The Afghan mujahideen, numerous teams of Afghan fighters resisting the Soviet occupation, play a vital function within the narrative. Their battle for independence and the ways they employed, together with guerrilla warfare and alliances with international powers, contribute to the damaging and unpredictable atmosphere depicted within the novel. The protagonist’s interactions with the mujahideen supply insights into their motivations and the challenges they confronted.

  • Humanitarian Disaster

    The struggle resulted in a big humanitarian disaster, with widespread displacement, struggling, and lack of life. This humanitarian dimension is mirrored within the novel by way of depictions of refugee camps, the hazards confronted by civilians, and the devastating affect of the battle on the Afghan individuals. These components add a layer of ethical complexity to the narrative, highlighting the human value of struggle past political and army issues.

  • Legacy of Battle

    The Soviet-Afghan Warfare had long-lasting penalties for the area and the world, contributing to the rise of extremist teams and the continued instability in Afghanistan. The novel, whereas fictional, alludes to those long-term results, providing a glimpse into the advanced legacy of the battle and its enduring affect on the lives of these concerned.

By weaving the Soviet-Afghan Warfare into the narrative cloth, Lie Down with Lions gives not solely an exhilarating story of espionage and intrigue but in addition a nuanced exploration of a pivotal second in historical past. The novel encourages reflection on the advanced interaction of worldwide politics, particular person selections, and the enduring penalties of battle. The struggle’s multifaceted naturefrom its geopolitical roots to its devastating humanitarian impactadds depth and resonance to the novel’s themes.

3. Photojournalist Protagonist

The selection of a photojournalist because the protagonist in Lie Down with Lions considerably shapes the narrative and thematic growth. Ellis Carver’s occupation gives each a believable purpose for his presence within the battle zone and a novel lens by way of which the occasions of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare are noticed and interpreted. His function necessitates venturing into harmful territories and interacting with a various vary of people, from high-ranking officers to strange Afghan residents, thereby exposing him to the multifaceted realities of the battle. This immersive expertise permits the narrative to discover the human value of struggle, the complexities of political intrigue, and the ethical dilemmas confronted by people caught within the crossfire.

Carver’s occupation as a photojournalist additionally influences the narrative construction and pacing. The necessity to seize compelling photos drives him to hunt out pivotal moments and confront perilous conditions. This inherent risk-taking conduct propels the plot ahead and contributes to the suspenseful environment. His digicam acts as each a device and an emblem, representing his dedication to documenting reality and bearing witness to the unfolding occasions. Examples of real-life photojournalists protecting conflicts, reminiscent of those that documented the Vietnam Warfare or the Bosnian Warfare, exhibit the inherent risks and moral complexities related to this occupation, offering real-world parallels to Carver’s experiences.

Understanding the importance of Carver’s function as a photojournalist is essential for decoding the novel’s themes. His occupation embodies the stress between commentary and participation, objectivity and emotional involvement. He grapples with the moral implications of his work, questioning the extent to which he ought to intervene within the occasions he witnesses. This inside battle provides depth and complexity to his character whereas additionally highlighting the ethical ambiguities inherent in battle zones. Finally, Carver’s journey as a photojournalist in Lie Down with Lions affords a robust lens by way of which to know the human affect of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare and the challenges confronted by those that attempt to doc and perceive such conflicts.

4. Ethical Ambiguities

Lie Down with Lions delves into the intricate internet of ethical ambiguities inherent in espionage and wartime conditions. Characters face tough selections with no simple solutions, typically pressured to compromise their values within the pursuit of bigger goals. The novel explores the gray areas of morality, the place the traces between proper and unsuitable turn into blurred. The protagonist, caught between conflicting loyalties and dealing with life-or-death selections, embodies this ethical ambiguity. For instance, the need of deception in espionage can result in betrayal and the erosion of belief, even when pursued for seemingly justifiable causes. The novel does not draw back from depicting the psychological toll these ethical compromises tackle people, forcing each characters and readers to confront uncomfortable truths concerning the nature of battle and the human capability for each good and evil. Actual-world examples, reminiscent of the moral dilemmas confronted by troopers in wartime or intelligence operatives working undercover, resonate with the ethical complexities explored within the novel.

The exploration of ethical ambiguity extends past the protagonist’s particular person experiences to embody the broader political panorama of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare. The novel examines the justifications and penalties of intervention by exterior powers, questioning the motives and strategies employed by either side of the battle. The portrayal of the mujahideen, whereas highlighting their resistance towards Soviet occupation, additionally acknowledges the interior conflicts and complexities inside their ranks. This nuanced method avoids simplistic portrayals of fine versus evil, recognizing the ethical compromises made by all events concerned. The novel prompts reflection on the unintended penalties of political actions and the problem of attaining clear ethical victories in advanced conflicts. Examples reminiscent of using propaganda, the help of questionable allies, and the collateral injury inflicted on civilian populations additional illustrate the pervasive nature of ethical ambiguity in wartime.

Understanding the ethical ambiguities offered in Lie Down with Lions is essential for appreciating the novel’s depth and relevance. The narrative challenges readers to think about the tough selections confronted by people working in morally advanced environments. It underscores the lasting affect of those selections on each private and societal ranges. By avoiding simplistic ethical judgments and embracing the complexities of human conduct in instances of battle, the novel affords priceless insights into the human situation and the enduring challenges of navigating a world the place clear-cut solutions are sometimes elusive. The exploration of ethical ambiguity serves not solely as a key thematic component but in addition as a robust device for selling vital pondering and deeper engagement with the moral dimensions of battle and espionage.

5. Political Intrigue

Political intrigue kinds a big component inside Lie Down with Lions, driving the narrative and shaping character motivations. The novel makes use of the backdrop of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare to discover the advanced interaction of energy, deception, and manipulation at each the person and worldwide ranges. Understanding the dynamics of political intrigue is essential for decoding the characters’ actions and the broader themes of the novel.

  • Manipulation and Deception

    Political maneuvering inside the novel typically depends on manipulation and deception. Characters make use of varied ways to realize their goals, together with misinformation, blackmail, and betrayal. These ways replicate the real-world practices of intelligence businesses and political actors throughout the Chilly Warfare, highlighting the ethical compromises people could face in such environments. The protagonist’s navigation of this treacherous panorama underscores the challenges of sustaining integrity in a world rife with deceit.

  • Energy Struggles and Alliances

    The novel depicts energy struggles at a number of ranges, from the worldwide competitors between superpowers to the interior dynamics of the Afghan resistance. Shifting alliances and betrayals additional complicate the political panorama, creating an environment of uncertainty and suspicion. Characters should consistently reassess their loyalties and methods in response to altering political dynamics, mirroring the fluidity of real-world political alliances throughout the Chilly Warfare. The protagonist’s interactions with varied factions, together with the CIA, KGB, and mujahideen, exemplify the complexities of navigating these energy struggles.

  • Hidden Agendas and Motivations

    Characters in Lie Down with Lions typically function with hidden agendas and motivations, including layers of complexity to the narrative. Superficial alliances could masks deeper conflicts of curiosity, and seemingly easy actions can have unintended penalties. Unraveling these hidden motivations turns into essential for understanding the true dynamics at play. This component of intrigue mirrors the complexities of real-world political negotiations and covert operations, the place appearances might be misleading.

  • Influence on Particular person Lives

    The novel demonstrates how political intrigue can profoundly affect the lives of strange people. Characters turn into pawns in bigger political video games, their fates decided by the selections of highly effective actors. The protagonist’s journey exemplifies the human value of political machinations, as he grapples with the implications of deception, betrayal, and violence. This concentrate on the person expertise humanizes the summary nature of political intrigue, highlighting its real-world implications.

By intricately weaving political intrigue into its narrative, Lie Down with Lions gives a compelling exploration of energy dynamics, ethical compromises, and the human value of political battle. The novel’s exploration of those themes affords priceless insights into the complexities of the Chilly Warfare period and the enduring challenges of navigating a world formed by political maneuvering.

6. Betrayal and Braveness

Lie Down with Lions explores the intertwined themes of betrayal and braveness inside the high-stakes context of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare. Betrayal acts as a catalyst, propelling the narrative ahead and testing the protagonist’s resolve. Situations of betrayal, each private and political, drive characters to confront tough selections and navigate treacherous landscapes. These acts of treachery typically function essential turning factors, shaping the trajectory of the story and influencing the protagonist’s growth. The novel examines the motivations behind betrayal, exploring the complexities of loyalty, self-preservation, and ideological conviction. Examples vary from double brokers working inside intelligence businesses to non-public betrayals motivated by love, ambition, or concern. These cases resonate with historic examples of betrayal throughout wartime, such because the Cambridge 5 spy ring or the complexities of collaboration and resistance beneath occupation, highlighting the devastating penalties of damaged belief and the tough selections people face in instances of battle.

Braveness emerges as a crucial response to betrayal. Characters exhibit braveness in varied kinds, from bodily bravery on the battlefield to the ethical braveness required to face up for one’s beliefs within the face of adversity. The protagonist’s journey exemplifies the event of braveness within the face of repeated betrayals. His willingness to confront hazard, shield the harmless, and uphold his values, even when dealing with seemingly insurmountable odds, demonstrates the transformative energy of braveness. This resonates with real-life examples of people who displayed extraordinary braveness in difficult circumstances, reminiscent of journalists reporting from struggle zones or people working to guard human rights beneath oppressive regimes. These examples exhibit the sensible significance of braveness as a method of resisting injustice and upholding moral rules.

The interaction of betrayal and braveness in Lie Down with Lions underscores the complexities of human conduct in instances of battle. The novel avoids simplistic ethical judgments, acknowledging the tough selections people face and the potential for each nice braveness and profound betrayal inside each human coronary heart. Understanding this dynamic gives priceless perception into the psychological affect of struggle and the enduring human capability for resilience within the face of adversity. The novel’s exploration of those themes serves as a testomony to the ability of the human spirit and the enduring significance of moral selections in a world characterised by uncertainty and battle.

7. Historic Fiction

Lie Down with Lions stands as a outstanding instance of historic fiction, a style that blends fictional narratives with actual historic occasions and settings. The novel’s engagement with the Soviet-Afghan Warfare gives a particular historic context that shapes its plot, characters, and themes. Understanding the conventions and traits of historic fiction is essential for appreciating the novel’s building and decoding its message.

  • Verisimilitude and Accuracy

    Historic fiction strives for verisimilitude, making a plausible illustration of the previous. Whereas fictional characters and occasions drive the narrative, the historic setting should really feel genuine. Lie Down with Lions achieves this by way of detailed descriptions of Afghanistan, its individuals, and the realities of the struggle. Analysis into the battle, together with political dynamics, army methods, and cultural nuances, informs the narrative, grounding the fictional components in a recognizable historic actuality. Examples of meticulous historic analysis in different works of historic fiction, reminiscent of Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Corridor or Ken Follett’s Pillars of the Earth, exhibit the significance of accuracy in making a plausible historic world.

  • Interaction of Reality and Fiction

    The style inherently entails an interaction of truth and fiction. Whereas the historic setting gives a framework, fictional characters and occasions permit authors to discover particular themes and human experiences inside that context. Lie Down with Lions makes use of this interaction to discover themes of braveness, betrayal, and ethical ambiguity towards the backdrop of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare. The fictional narrative permits for a deeper examination of the human affect of historic occasions, providing views that may not be accessible by way of purely factual accounts.

  • Exploration of Historic Themes

    Historic fiction gives a platform for exploring advanced historic themes and their enduring relevance. Lie Down with Lions makes use of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare to look at the affect of political ideology, the human value of battle, and the challenges of navigating a world outlined by uncertainty and ethical compromise. By inserting fictional characters inside an actual historic context, the novel encourages reflection on the complexities of the previous and its persevering with affect on the current. Different examples inside the style, reminiscent of these exploring the American Civil Warfare or World Warfare II, equally use fictional narratives to light up particular historic themes and their lasting affect.

  • Different Views and “What Ifs”

    Whereas grounded in historic actuality, historic fiction typically explores various views or “what if” situations. Whereas Lie Down with Lions does not explicitly rewrite historical past, it affords a fictionalized account of occasions, specializing in the experiences of people caught inside the bigger battle. This method permits the novel to look at the human penalties of political selections and discover the potential affect of particular person selections inside a particular historic context. This may be seen in different historic fiction works that discover various outcomes of historic occasions, providing a recent perspective on the previous and its potential trajectories.

By way of its meticulous consideration to historic element, its exploration of advanced themes, and its concentrate on the human affect of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare, Lie Down with Lions exemplifies the ability of historic fiction to light up the previous and supply priceless insights into the human situation. The novels success lies in its skill to weave a compelling narrative that each entertains and encourages deeper reflection on a pivotal second in historical past.

8. Ken Follett Thriller

Understanding Lie Down with Lions requires acknowledging its place inside the broader context of Ken Follett’s thrillers. Follett’s distinct model, characterised by meticulous analysis, intricate plots, and high-stakes situations, considerably shapes the narrative and contributes to the novel’s enduring enchantment. Analyzing key components of Follett’s thriller writing illuminates the particular methods by which Lie Down with Lions exemplifies his signature method.

  • Meticulous Analysis and Historic Element

    Follett’s thrillers typically incorporate intensive historic analysis, offering a wealthy and detailed backdrop for the fictional narrative. In Lie Down with Lions, the Soviet-Afghan Warfare setting is delivered to life by way of meticulous particulars concerning the political local weather, army methods, and cultural nuances of the area. This dedication to accuracy enhances the novel’s verisimilitude and permits readers to have interaction with a particular historic context whereas having fun with an exhilarating story. Comparable consideration to element might be noticed in Follett’s different historic novels, reminiscent of The Pillars of the Earth and World With out Finish, demonstrating a constant dedication to historic accuracy inside his physique of labor.

  • Intricate Plots and Suspenseful Pacing

    Follett’s thrillers are recognized for his or her intricate plots, crammed with twists, turns, and surprising developments. Lie Down with Lions maintains a suspenseful tempo by way of escalating conflicts, shifting alliances, and the fixed risk of hazard. The protagonist’s journey is fraught with challenges, forcing him to navigate treacherous landscapes and make tough selections beneath strain. This mastery of plot building and pacing is a trademark of Follett’s model, constantly participating readers and maintaining them on the sting of their seats. Examples from different Follett thrillers, reminiscent of Eye of the Needle and Triple, exhibit his talent in crafting intricate and suspenseful narratives.

  • Excessive-Stakes Situations and World Scope

    Follett’s thrillers typically contain high-stakes situations with international implications, reflecting his curiosity in worldwide relations and political intrigue. Lie Down with Lions, set towards the backdrop of the Chilly Warfare, exemplifies this attribute. The battle in Afghanistan represents a proxy struggle between superpowers, with the potential for escalating right into a a lot bigger battle. The novel explores the complexities of espionage, political manipulation, and the devastating penalties of struggle on a world scale. Different Follett thrillers, reminiscent of Jackdaws and Code to Zero, equally discover high-stakes situations with worldwide implications, reflecting his recurring curiosity in international politics and battle.

  • Sturdy Character Growth and Ethical Dilemmas

    Whereas plot-driven, Follett’s thrillers additionally characteristic well-developed characters who grapple with advanced ethical dilemmas. In Lie Down with Lions, the protagonist faces tough selections, pressured to compromise his values within the pursuit of bigger goals. The novel explores the gray areas of morality, significantly in instances of struggle and espionage, difficult readers to think about the complexities of human conduct beneath strain. This concentrate on character growth and ethical ambiguity provides depth to the narrative and enhances the emotional affect of the story. Different Follett protagonists, reminiscent of these in The Key to Rebecca and The Man from St. Petersburg, equally grapple with advanced ethical dilemmas, demonstrating a constant concentrate on character-driven narratives inside his thriller writing.

By understanding Lie Down with Lions inside the context of Ken Follett’s broader physique of labor, readers achieve a deeper appreciation for its strengths and its place inside the thriller style. The novel’s mix of meticulous analysis, intricate plotting, high-stakes situations, and powerful character growth exemplifies Follett’s signature model, solidifying its standing as a compelling and thought-provoking work of Chilly Warfare fiction.

Often Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning Ken Follett’s Lie Down with Lions.

Query 1: Is Lie Down with Lions based mostly on a real story?

Whereas the novel incorporates actual historic occasions and settings, particularly the Soviet-Afghan Warfare, the characters and first storyline are fictional. Follett blends historic accuracy with fictional narrative to discover themes of espionage, betrayal, and braveness.

Query 2: What’s the central theme of Lie Down with Lions?

The novel explores a number of interconnected themes, together with the complexities of espionage throughout the Chilly Warfare, the human value of battle, the ethical ambiguities inherent in wartime conditions, and the enduring energy of braveness within the face of adversity.

Query 3: Who’s the protagonist of Lie Down with Lions?

The protagonist is Ellis Carver, a photojournalist who turns into entangled in an internet of espionage and political intrigue whereas protecting the Soviet-Afghan Warfare. His occupation gives a novel lens by way of which the occasions of the battle are noticed and interpreted.

Query 4: Why is the setting of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare important?

The Soviet-Afghan Warfare serves as a traditionally charged backdrop that heightens the stress and complexity of the narrative. This battle gives a real-world context for exploring themes of political intrigue, espionage, and the human affect of struggle.

Query 5: What makes Lie Down with Lions a thriller?

The novel incorporates attribute components of the thriller style, together with intricate plotting, suspenseful pacing, high-stakes situations, and surprising twists and turns. These components, mixed with Follett’s meticulous analysis and a spotlight to element, create a gripping and interesting narrative.

Query 6: What are another books by Ken Follett that discover comparable themes?

Readers all for comparable themes may discover Follett’s different works, reminiscent of Eye of the Needle, Triple, and The Key to Rebecca, which additionally delve into espionage, historic conflicts, and ethical dilemmas.

Understanding these key features of Lie Down with Lions enhances the studying expertise and facilitates a deeper appreciation of its themes and historic context.

Additional exploration may embrace vital analyses of the novel, comparisons with different works of historic fiction, and discussions of its lasting affect on the style.

Ideas for Participating with Ken Follett’s Lie Down with Lions

The following tips supply steering for a deeper and extra significant engagement with the novel. They encourage readers to discover the historic context, analyze character motivations, and think about the advanced themes woven all through the narrative.

Tip 1: Analysis the Soviet-Afghan Warfare.
A deeper understanding of this historic battle enhances appreciation for the novel’s setting and themes. Exploring the political local weather, key gamers, and the affect on the Afghan individuals gives priceless context.

Tip 2: Analyze Ellis Carver’s ethical dilemmas.
Think about the tough selections confronted by the protagonist. How do these selections form his character growth and replicate the ethical ambiguities of the battle?

Tip 3: Think about the function of betrayal.
Betrayal serves as a recurring motif. Look at the varied cases of betrayal and their affect on the characters and the plot. What motivates these acts of treachery?

Tip 4: Discover the theme of braveness.
How is braveness manifested within the novel? Think about the completely different kinds braveness takes, from bodily bravery to ethical resilience. How does braveness work together with the theme of betrayal?

Tip 5: Mirror on the complexities of espionage.
The novel delves into the world of Chilly Warfare espionage. Think about the moral implications of deception, manipulation, and the pursuit of political goals.

Tip 6: Look at the portrayal of the Afghan individuals.
How does the novel depict the affect of the struggle on Afghan civilians? Think about the cultural nuances and the challenges confronted by these caught within the battle.

Tip 7: Evaluate Lie Down with Lions to different Ken Follett thrillers.
How does this novel replicate Follett’s signature model? Think about using historic element, intricate plotting, and character growth compared to his different works.

Participating with Lie Down with Lions by way of these lenses affords a richer understanding of its themes, characters, and historic context, resulting in a extra fulfilling studying expertise.

The following tips present a place to begin for additional exploration of the novel’s enduring relevance and its contribution to the style of historic fiction.

Ken Follett’s Lie Down with Lions: A Concluding Perspective

This exploration of Ken Follett’s Lie Down with Lions has examined its multifaceted nature, from its Chilly Warfare espionage plot to its exploration of ethical ambiguities inside the context of the Soviet-Afghan Warfare. The evaluation thought-about the importance of the photojournalist protagonist, the intricacies of political intrigue, and the interaction of betrayal and braveness. Moreover, the novel’s classification as historic fiction, embedded inside Ken Follett’s distinct thriller model, has been highlighted, emphasizing the meticulous analysis, intricate plotting, and high-stakes situations that contribute to its compelling narrative.

Lie Down with Lions affords a robust lens by way of which to know the human affect of political battle and the enduring challenges of navigating a world formed by deception and ethical compromise. Its exploration of particular person braveness inside a bigger historic context prompts reflection on the complexities of human conduct beneath strain and the lasting penalties of each particular person selections and international occasions. The novel stands as a testomony to the ability of storytelling to light up the previous and supply priceless insights into the enduring human battle for which means and goal in a world outlined by uncertainty.