7+ Best Martial Arts Karate Books for Beginners & Experts


7+ Best Martial Arts Karate Books for Beginners & Experts

Publications devoted to karate, a Japanese martial artwork emphasizing putting methods, provide a wealth of data. These sources can embody sensible instruction on stances, blocks, punches, and kicks, in addition to the philosophical underpinnings and historic improvement of this particular self-discipline inside the broader spectrum of martial arts. Examples embody detailed manuals for newcomers, superior kata guides, and historic analyses of karate’s evolution.

Such sources present structured studying pathways for practitioners of all ranges, from novice to professional. They provide a method of preserving and transmitting conventional data, guaranteeing the artwork’s continued follow and evolution. Moreover, these publications typically discover the wealthy cultural heritage related to karate, offering context and deeper understanding past bodily methods. This data can improve coaching, foster private progress, and create a stronger connection to the artwork’s historical past and values.

This exploration delves into a number of key areas associated to studying sources for this particular martial artwork. Subjects embody the collection of applicable guides for various ability ranges, an examination of notable authors and their contributions, and a dialogue on the evolving function of those sources within the digital age.

1. Historical past

Historic context supplies a vital basis for understanding karate. Publications exploring this historical past typically hint karate’s improvement from its origins in Okinawa, influenced by indigenous combating types and Chinese language martial arts, to its evolution in mainland Japan and subsequent world dissemination. Inspecting this historic trajectory illuminates the event of varied types, the affect of key figures like Gichin Funakoshi, and the socio-political elements that formed the artwork. For example, understanding the function of karate as a way of self-defense in Okinawa’s historical past clarifies its emphasis on sensible effectiveness. Equally, learning its adaptation and formalization in Japan reveals how cultural values influenced its philosophical dimensions.

Detailed historic accounts typically analyze the evolution of particular methods, kata, and coaching methodologies. They could discover, for instance, how diversifications occurred attributable to societal modifications or the introduction of aggressive codecs. The historic context additionally permits for a nuanced understanding of the connection between totally different karate types, explaining their shared roots and divergent evolutionary paths. Such insights can enrich a practitioner’s coaching by offering a deeper appreciation for the artwork’s complexities and the rationale behind its varied parts. Actual-life examples of historic figures and their contributions, comparable to Chojun Miyagi’s improvement of Goju-ryu, additional personalize and contextualize this historic narrative.

Understanding karate’s historical past shouldn’t be merely a tutorial train; it gives sensible worth. It permits practitioners to understand the underlying rules and functions of methods, kata, and coaching strategies. This data fosters a extra knowledgeable and related strategy to follow, enhancing each bodily ability and philosophical understanding. Furthermore, a historic perspective can bridge cultural gaps, selling respect for the artwork’s origins and fostering a way of continuity inside the world karate group. Challenges could embody navigating conflicting historic accounts and differentiating between verifiable historic details and anecdotal proof, highlighting the necessity for vital evaluation inside this subject of examine.

2. Methods

Devoted publications play a vital function in transmitting and preserving the technical nuances of karate. These sources present detailed explanations and visible representations of varied methods, encompassing strikes (punches, kicks, elbows, knees), blocks, stances, and footwork. Efficient guides break down complicated actions into manageable steps, typically incorporating anatomical diagrams and sequential images to facilitate understanding. This structured strategy permits practitioners to review methods systematically, no matter direct entry to an teacher. For instance, a e book may dissect the mechanics of a entrance kick (mae geri), explaining the optimum hip rotation, chambering of the knee, and extension of the leg for max energy and accuracy. Equally, detailed descriptions of hand methods, such because the straight punch (choku-zuki), would deal with correct fist formation, wrist alignment, and integration of physique motion.

The evaluation of methods inside these sources typically extends past primary execution. Superior publications could discover the refined variations in methods throughout totally different karate types, offering insights into their sensible functions in varied contexts. For example, a e book may examine the execution of a rising block (age-uke) in Shotokan karate versus Goju-ryu karate, highlighting the variations in trajectory, hand place, and supposed objective. This comparative strategy permits practitioners to develop a deeper understanding of the nuances inside the artwork and probably refine their very own methods. Moreover, some sources delve into the biomechanics of karate methods, explaining the underlying rules of power technology, stability, and environment friendly motion, providing a scientific lens by way of which to investigate and enhance efficiency. Actual-life examples of karate masters demonstrating particular methods, coupled with evaluation of their utility in competitors or self-defense eventualities, add sensible context to those theoretical explanations.

A radical understanding of karate methods, facilitated by devoted studying sources, is important for efficient follow and ability improvement. These sources provide a structured pathway for studying, permitting practitioners to progress systematically and refine their understanding. Nonetheless, challenges stay in bridging the hole between theoretical data and sensible utility. Whereas books can present detailed explanations and visible aids, they can not absolutely replicate the expertise of hands-on coaching and suggestions from a certified teacher. Due to this fact, these sources are only when used along with sensible coaching, serving as beneficial dietary supplements to reinforce understanding and speed up ability acquisition. This integration of theoretical data with sensible expertise varieties the inspiration for efficient karate coaching and mastery of the artwork.

3. Kata (varieties)

Kata, prearranged sequences of actions simulating fight eventualities, represent a cornerstone of karate coaching and have prominently inside devoted publications. These sources provide detailed breakdowns of every kata, outlining the exact sequence of methods, stances, and transitions. Books typically incorporate visible aids, comparable to images or diagrams, to make clear the intricacies of every motion and physique place inside the kata. This permits practitioners to review the varieties meticulously, even outdoors of a proper coaching surroundings. For example, a publication devoted to the Heian katas may present step-by-step directions for every of the 5 varieties, accompanied by pictures illustrating the right execution of every block, punch, and stance. Furthermore, these sources typically delve into the bunkai, or functions, of the actions inside the kata, explaining how the seemingly stylized methods can be utilized in sensible self-defense conditions. This evaluation bridges the hole between the summary type and its real-world utility, enriching the practitioner’s understanding of the kata’s deeper that means.

Past the technical facets, publications exploring kata typically focus on their historic context and significance inside particular karate types. They could clarify how a specific kata developed over time, reflecting the influences of various masters or the difference to particular fight wants. For instance, a e book may discover the historic origins of the Kushanku kata, tracing its roots again to Chinese language martial arts and detailing its subsequent improvement inside Okinawan and Japanese karate. This historic perspective provides depth to the follow of kata, permitting practitioners to understand their cultural significance and perceive their evolution inside the broader martial arts panorama. Moreover, some sources delve into the philosophical and strategic rules embedded inside kata. They could focus on the ideas of sen (initiative), go no sen (countering after an assault), and sen no sen (countering earlier than an assault), illustrating how these rules are embodied inside the actions and timing of the kata. This deeper understanding of the underlying rules enhances the practitioner’s means to interpret and apply the kata in a extra significant means. Actual-life examples of kata efficiency by famend masters, coupled with evaluation of their utility in several contexts, additional illustrate the sensible worth of those formalized sequences.

Mastery of kata represents a major side of karate coaching, and specialised publications function invaluable instruments for in-depth examine and understanding. These sources provide detailed technical breakdowns, historic context, and insights into the sensible functions and underlying rules of kata. Nonetheless, the static nature of printed materials presents challenges in conveying the dynamic essence of kata efficiency. Whereas books can seize particular moments and provide detailed explanations, they can not absolutely replicate the expertise of observing and practising kata underneath the steering of a certified teacher. Due to this fact, these sources are only when used as enhances to sensible coaching, offering a framework for understanding and a basis for refining approach, timing, and utility. This built-in strategy, combining theoretical data with sensible expertise, is important for unlocking the total potential of kata and attaining a deeper understanding of karate.

4. Philosophy

Publications devoted to karate continuously discover the philosophical underpinnings of the artwork, extending past bodily methods to embody rules of self-cultivation, moral conduct, and psychological self-discipline. These works typically delve into the affect of Zen Buddhism, Bushido (the samurai code), and Okinawan cultural values on karate’s improvement. Exploring ideas like mindfulness, perseverance, humility, and respect, these sources emphasize the significance of character improvement alongside bodily prowess. For example, many texts look at the idea of “kara” (empty) in karate-do, emphasizing the significance of emptying the thoughts of ego and worry to realize optimum efficiency and domesticate inside peace. The philosophical dimension of karate, as introduced in these publications, supplies a framework for understanding the artwork’s deeper objective and its potential for private transformation. Actual-life examples, such because the emphasis on non-violence and self-control within the teachings of Gichin Funakoshi, illustrate the sensible utility of those philosophical rules. Moreover, many publications analyze the function of dojo etiquette and the emphasis on respect for seniors and fellow practitioners as a mirrored image of those core values.

The philosophical rules mentioned in karate literature present context for understanding the artwork’s broader targets and its relevance past self-defense. These rules provide steering for navigating challenges each inside and out of doors the dojo, selling resilience, self-awareness, and moral decision-making. For instance, the emphasis on perseverance in karate coaching can translate right into a better capability to beat obstacles in different areas of life. Equally, the cultivation of humility can foster a extra balanced perspective and a deeper appreciation for steady studying. The examine of karate philosophy, as facilitated by devoted publications, gives practitioners a framework for integrating the bodily and psychological facets of the artwork, resulting in a extra holistic and fulfilling expertise. This integration additionally permits for a extra nuanced understanding of the connection between karate and associated disciplines, comparable to different martial arts or mindfulness practices. Exploring how totally different karate types interpret and apply these shared philosophical rules additional enriches the practitioner’s understanding.

Understanding the philosophical dimensions of karate, as introduced in devoted publications, is essential for appreciating the artwork’s full potential. These philosophical rules provide a framework for private progress, moral conduct, and a deeper connection to the artwork’s wealthy heritage. Nonetheless, challenges can come up in deciphering and making use of these summary ideas in a sensible context. The inherent complexities of philosophical concepts require cautious examine and reflection, typically necessitating steering from skilled instructors or mentors. Moreover, the potential for various interpretations throughout totally different lineages and colleges of thought underscores the significance of participating with various views inside the subject. Finally, integrating philosophical understanding with devoted bodily follow permits practitioners to domesticate not solely bodily ability but additionally the psychological self-discipline and moral consciousness that represent the essence of karate-do.

5. Coaching Strategies

Publications on karate coaching strategies function essential guides for practitioners searching for to develop their expertise successfully and safely. These sources bridge the hole between theoretical data and sensible utility, offering structured approaches to numerous facets of coaching. They provide beneficial insights for people coaching independently and complement instruction obtained in a standard dojo setting.

  • Kihon (Fundamentals)

    Kihon coaching, specializing in basic methods, varieties the inspiration of karate follow. Books devoted to kihon present detailed explanations and visible representations of stances, blocks, punches, kicks, and different important actions. They typically incorporate drills and workout routines designed to develop correct type, energy, and velocity. For instance, a e book may element a coaching routine involving repeated follow of particular punches, such because the straight punch (choku-zuki), emphasizing right wrist alignment and physique mechanics. These sources are important for newcomers and skilled practitioners alike, guaranteeing a strong basis for superior coaching.

  • Kumite (Sparring)

    Kumite, or sparring, permits practitioners to use their methods in a dynamic, interactive surroundings. Publications specializing in kumite provide methods for efficient sparring, together with offensive and defensive techniques, footwork drills, and mixture follow. They could analyze totally different sparring codecs, comparable to ippon kumite (one-step sparring) and jiyu kumite (free sparring), and supply steering on adapting methods for varied eventualities. For instance, a e book may element particular mixtures of methods, comparable to a block adopted by a counter-attack, and clarify how one can execute them successfully in a sparring context. These sources assist practitioners develop sensible fight expertise and refine their understanding of timing, distance, and technique.

  • Conditioning

    Bodily conditioning is important for creating the power, velocity, stamina, and adaptability required for efficient karate follow. Devoted sources present coaching applications that incorporate workout routines comparable to power coaching, plyometrics, flexibility drills, and cardiovascular exercises. These applications are sometimes tailor-made to totally different ability ranges and coaching targets. For example, a e book may define a conditioning plan for newcomers, specializing in constructing a basis of power and endurance, whereas one other may goal superior practitioners searching for to reinforce explosive energy and velocity. Correct conditioning, as outlined in these sources, helps forestall accidents, improves efficiency, and permits practitioners to coach extra successfully.

  • Psychological Coaching

    Psychological fortitude performs a vital function in karate coaching and efficiency. Publications addressing psychological coaching discover methods for cultivating focus, self-discipline, and resilience. They typically draw upon rules of mindfulness, meditation, and visualization to reinforce psychological readability and management. For instance, a e book may information practitioners by way of meditation workout routines designed to enhance focus and handle stress. These sources spotlight the interconnectedness of psychological and bodily coaching in karate, emphasizing the significance of creating a robust mind-body connection to realize optimum efficiency. Additionally they deal with methods for overcoming worry and nervousness, constructing confidence, and sustaining motivation throughout coaching.

These interconnected coaching strategies, as detailed in varied karate publications, present a complete strategy to creating each bodily and psychological expertise. These sources function beneficial instruments for practitioners of all ranges, guiding them towards a deeper understanding and simpler follow of karate. By integrating these totally different facets of coaching, people can improve their technical proficiency, enhance bodily conditioning, domesticate psychological self-discipline, and finally progress towards their full potential within the artwork of karate.

6. Lineage (types)

Understanding karate types and their lineages is essential for navigating the varied panorama of this martial artwork. Devoted publications typically hint the historic improvement of varied types, comparable to Shotokan, Goju-ryu, Shito-ryu, and Wado-ryu, highlighting their distinctive traits and the influences that formed their evolution. These sources discover the lineage of every fashion, outlining the succession of masters from the artwork’s origins in Okinawa to its trendy iterations. This genealogical strategy clarifies the relationships between totally different types, revealing their shared roots and divergent evolutionary paths. For example, a e book may hint the lineage of Shotokan karate from its founder, Gichin Funakoshi, again to its Okinawan roots within the Shuri-te custom, highlighting the influences of masters like Anko Itosu and Yasutsune Azato. Equally, a publication exploring Goju-ryu may element its improvement underneath Chojun Miyagi, emphasizing the mixing of exhausting and tender methods influenced by Chinese language martial arts. These lineage-focused analyses present essential context for understanding the technical and philosophical nuances that distinguish every fashion. Actual-life examples of distinguished figures inside every lineage, comparable to Masatoshi Nakayama in Shotokan or Eiichi Miyazato in Goju-ryu, additional personalize and contextualize these historic narratives.

The examine of lineage, as introduced in karate literature, gives sensible advantages for practitioners. It supplies a framework for understanding the particular methods, kata, and coaching methodologies that characterize every fashion. This data permits people to make knowledgeable decisions about which fashion aligns with their pursuits and targets. For instance, somebody drawn to linear, highly effective methods may be drawn to Shotokan, whereas somebody searching for a stability of exhausting and tender methods may discover Goju-ryu extra interesting. Moreover, understanding lineage fosters a deeper appreciation for the wealthy historical past and cultural context of karate, selling respect for the traditions and contributions of previous masters. This historic consciousness can improve motivation and supply a way of connection to the broader karate group. Exploring how totally different lineages have tailored to trendy contexts, comparable to the event of sport karate or the mixing of self-defense functions, additional enriches this understanding. Analyzing the evolution of kata inside particular lineages, for instance, reveals how these varieties have been refined and tailored over time to replicate altering wants and priorities.

Exploring karate lineages by way of devoted publications is important for creating a complete understanding of the artwork’s various panorama. This data informs coaching decisions, deepens historic appreciation, and fosters a stronger connection to the karate group. Nonetheless, navigating the complexities of lineage info requires cautious consideration. Challenges could embody conflicting accounts of historic occasions, variations in terminology throughout totally different sources, and the potential for biases in lineage narratives. Due to this fact, vital evaluation and cross-referencing info from respected sources are essential for creating a nuanced and correct understanding of karate’s wealthy and sophisticated historical past. Finally, integrating data of lineage with devoted follow permits practitioners to strategy karate with a deeper sense of objective and appreciation for the artwork’s historic and cultural significance.

7. Sensible Utility

Bridging the hole between theoretical data and real-world eventualities is a vital side addressed by many martial arts karate books. These sources discover how methods realized by way of kihon and kata coaching could be utilized successfully in sensible self-defense conditions or aggressive environments. This emphasis on sensible utility provides a layer of relevance and objective to coaching, motivating practitioners and enhancing their understanding of the artwork’s potential past the dojo.

  • Self-Protection

    Many books delve into the appliance of karate methods for self-defense, emphasizing sensible methods for managing confrontations and defending oneself. These sources typically analyze real-life eventualities, providing steering on risk evaluation, de-escalation methods, and efficient responses to numerous assaults. Examples may embody utilizing blocks to deflect incoming strikes, using strikes to weak targets, or using throws and takedowns to neutralize an aggressor. These sensible functions contextualize the methods realized in kihon and kata, offering a transparent understanding of their effectiveness in self-defense conditions.

  • Competitors

    For these enthusiastic about aggressive karate, specialised publications provide insights into match methods, level scoring techniques, and efficient techniques for various competitors codecs. These sources may analyze particular methods generally utilized in competitors, such because the snapping entrance kick (kin geri) or the reverse punch (gyaku-zuki), and clarify how one can maximize their effectiveness inside the guidelines and constraints of a match setting. Examples embody methods for managing distance, timing assaults, and anticipating an opponent’s actions. These sources bridge the hole between primary coaching and aggressive utility, enhancing efficiency and strategic considering.

  • Bodily Health and Well being

    Past self-defense and competitors, karate coaching gives quite a few advantages for bodily health and total well being. Many books discover how common karate follow can enhance cardiovascular well being, power, flexibility, and stability. These sources typically present coaching applications designed to reinforce these bodily attributes, incorporating workout routines and drills tailored from conventional karate coaching strategies. Examples embody utilizing kata follow for enhancing flexibility and stability, or incorporating kihon drills to reinforce power and endurance. This emphasis on bodily health highlights the broader well being advantages of karate coaching and its potential to contribute to a wholesome way of life.

  • Psychological Self-discipline and Focus

    Karate coaching cultivates psychological self-discipline and focus, qualities that stretch past the dojo and profit varied facets of life. Publications typically focus on how the psychological coaching concerned in karate, comparable to focusing throughout kata follow or sustaining composure throughout sparring, can improve focus, enhance decision-making expertise, and promote emotional regulation. Examples may embody utilizing meditation methods derived from karate philosophy to handle stress or making use of the rules of focus and self-discipline to tutorial or skilled pursuits. This deal with psychological improvement highlights the holistic nature of karate coaching and its potential to foster private progress and resilience.

By exploring these various sensible functions, martial arts karate books display the artwork’s versatility and its relevance in varied contexts. This emphasis on sensible utility reinforces the worth of karate coaching past the normal dojo setting, enriching the educational expertise and motivating practitioners to discover the total potential of this multifaceted martial artwork. The connection between idea and follow, as explored in these sources, is important for creating a complete understanding of karate and its utility in the true world.

Often Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning publications devoted to karate, aiming to offer clear and concise info for these searching for to reinforce their understanding of this martial artwork by way of devoted examine.

Query 1: How can one select applicable karate books for various ability ranges?

Choosing applicable sources depends upon particular person expertise and coaching targets. Freshmen profit from introductory texts specializing in basic methods and primary rules. Intermediate practitioners may search publications exploring particular kata or kumite methods. Superior practitioners typically discover specialised subjects, comparable to historic analyses or in-depth explorations of particular types.

Query 2: Are there particular authors or publishers thought of authoritative in karate literature?

A number of authors and publishers are acknowledged for his or her contributions to karate literature. Researching authors’ credentials, expertise, and affiliations with respected karate organizations helps decide the credibility and relevance of their publications. Cross-referencing info from a number of sources ensures a balanced perspective.

Query 3: Can books successfully change hands-on instruction from a certified karate teacher?

Whereas books present beneficial theoretical data and visible steering, they can not absolutely replicate the advantages of hands-on instruction. A certified teacher supplies personalised suggestions, corrects errors in real-time, and gives a dynamic studying expertise that books can not replicate. Ideally, books complement, however don’t change, in-person coaching.

Query 4: How can one differentiate between credible karate sources and people containing misinformation?

Important analysis is important. Think about the creator’s credentials, the writer’s status, and the general high quality of analysis introduced. Cross-referencing info with established karate organizations and searching for steering from skilled practitioners may also help validate the accuracy of knowledge encountered.

Query 5: Do karate books usually deal with a selected fashion, or do they provide a basic overview of the artwork?

Publications can deal with particular types, comparable to Shotokan or Goju-ryu, offering in-depth explorations of their distinctive methods, kata, and historical past. Different sources provide a broader overview of karate, exploring frequent rules and shared historic roots throughout varied types. Selecting between these depends upon particular person pursuits and studying targets.

Query 6: How has the digital age impacted the supply and accessibility of karate books and sources?

The digital age has considerably expanded entry to karate info. E-books, on-line databases, and tutorial movies provide handy and infrequently cost-effective alternate options to conventional print publications. Nonetheless, the abundance of on-line info necessitates cautious analysis to make sure high quality and accuracy. Combining digital sources with print supplies and in-person coaching supplies a complete strategy.

Cautious consideration of those continuously requested questions permits for knowledgeable selections concerning the choice and utilization of karate-related publications. Integrating info gleaned from respected sources with sensible coaching underneath the steering of a certified teacher optimizes the educational course of and fosters a deeper understanding of this complicated martial artwork.

The next part explores the way forward for karate publications, contemplating rising tendencies and the evolving function of know-how in disseminating data inside the martial arts group.

Important Suggestions for Using Karate Literature

Efficient use of karate publications can considerably improve coaching and deepen understanding of the artwork. The next suggestions provide sensible steering for maximizing the advantages of those sources.

Tip 1: Align Assets with Coaching Targets: Clearly outlined targets, whether or not specializing in particular methods, historic understanding, or philosophical exploration, ought to information useful resource choice. A practitioner aiming to refine kata efficiency would prioritize publications specializing in kata evaluation, whereas somebody within the historic improvement of karate may select books specializing in lineage and cultural context.

Tip 2: Cross-Reference Data: Consulting a number of respected sources supplies a extra complete and nuanced understanding, mitigating potential biases or inaccuracies current in single sources. Evaluating totally different interpretations of a selected approach or historic occasion permits for a extra vital and knowledgeable perspective.

Tip 3: Combine Theoretical Data with Sensible Utility: Studying ought to complement, not change, bodily coaching. Working towards the methods and rules described in publications underneath the steering of a certified teacher ensures correct execution and maximizes studying outcomes. For example, learning a e book on kumite (sparring) must be adopted by sensible sparring periods to develop timing, distance, and strategic utility.

Tip 4: Critically Consider Sources: Not all publications provide equally dependable info. Assess the creator’s credentials, the writer’s status, and the general high quality of analysis introduced. Search suggestions from skilled practitioners and cross-reference info with respected karate organizations to validate accuracy.

Tip 5: Make the most of Visible Aids Successfully: Many karate books incorporate diagrams, images, and illustrations. Finding out these visible aids fastidiously enhances understanding of methods, stances, and kata sequences. Visualizing actions and positions as depicted within the sources aids in correct execution throughout follow.

Tip 6: Discover Various Views: Examine sources representing totally different karate types and lineages to achieve a broader understanding of the artwork’s various panorama. This comparative strategy permits practitioners to understand stylistic nuances, discover different interpretations of methods, and broaden their total data base.

Tip 7: Complement Research with Video Assets: On-line movies, together with tutorial demonstrations and professional analyses, provide dynamic visible studying experiences that complement conventional print publications. Nonetheless, be sure that video sources originate from credible sources and align with established karate rules.

By adhering to those pointers, practitioners can successfully make the most of karate literature to reinforce their coaching, deepen their understanding of the artwork, and domesticate a extra holistic strategy to their karate journey.

The concluding part synthesizes key themes mentioned all through this exploration of karate publications and gives ultimate reflections on their enduring worth in preserving and transmitting the artwork’s wealthy heritage.

Conclusion

Exploration of publications devoted to karate reveals their significance in preserving and transmitting the artwork’s multifaceted nature. From historic context and technical evaluation to philosophical rules and sensible functions, these sources provide invaluable insights for practitioners of all ranges. Cautious choice, vital analysis, and integration with sensible coaching maximize the advantages derived from such publications. The varied vary of obtainable supplies, encompassing historic accounts, technical manuals, philosophical treatises, and coaching guides, caters to diversified studying types and targets. Finally, efficient utilization of those sources fosters a deeper understanding of karate’s wealthy historical past, technical intricacies, and philosophical depth.

The continued evolution of karate literature, influenced by technological developments and evolving pedagogical approaches, guarantees continued enrichment of the educational expertise for future generations. Preservation of historic data alongside exploration of up to date improvements ensures the artwork’s continued progress and adaptation. Continued engagement with these sources stays important for cultivating a complete understanding and fostering the enduring legacy of karate.