An autograph from the comic identified for his position in “Seinfeld” on a literary work provides a novel dimension to the merchandise. This may very well be an inscription in a private copy of a biography, a humor ebook authored by the performer, or perhaps a associated piece of memorabilia resembling a program or script. Examples would possibly embody a signed copy of a “Seinfeld” companion ebook or a personalised autobiography.
The worth of such an merchandise can differ considerably. Components influencing price embody the ebook’s rarity, the situation of the signature, and the precise inscription. A customized dedication, a uncommon version, or a pristine autograph can elevate the value of a ebook significantly, making it a fascinating collectible for followers and traders alike. This follow of autographing books has an extended historical past, connecting readers and authors (or, on this case, performers) in a tangible manner. For devoted fanatics, a signed ebook transcends a easy commodity, changing into a treasured memento.
This text will additional discover the marketplace for signed memorabilia, discussing valuation, authentication, and the broader cultural significance of autographs within the leisure trade. Extra matters will cowl gathering methods and the funding potential of entertainment-related collectibles.
1. Authenticity Verification
Authenticity verification is paramount when contemplating the acquisition of signed memorabilia, particularly objects related to distinguished figures like Michael Richards. A verified signature considerably impacts an merchandise’s worth and assures the proprietor of its real connection to the person. With out correct authentication, a signed merchandise stays questionable, probably diminishing its price and collector’s attraction.
-
Provenance Documentation
A transparent and documented chain of possession, ideally tracing again to the signing occasion itself, supplies sturdy proof of authenticity. This might embody images of the signing, certificates of authenticity from respected sellers, or prior possession information. A well-documented provenance builds confidence within the merchandise’s legitimacy.
-
Third-Social gathering Authentication Providers
A number of unbiased corporations focus on verifying autographs. These companies typically make use of professional evaluation, evaluating the signature to identified exemplars and using forensic strategies to detect forgeries. Submitting an merchandise to a good authentication service gives an added layer of assurance for potential consumers and sellers.
-
Signature Traits Evaluation
Cautious examination of the signature itself can reveal clues about its authenticity. Specialists analyze elements like ink consistency, strain variations, letter formations, and total movement. Evaluating the signature to identified examples may also help decide if it aligns with established patterns.
-
Materials Consistency
The supplies used for the signature, resembling the kind of ink and the writing instrument, needs to be in keeping with the interval and context of the alleged signing. Inconsistencies can increase purple flags and warrant additional investigation. For example, a contemporary ballpoint pen signature on a classic {photograph} can be suspect.
These sides of authenticity verification play a crucial position in establishing the legitimacy and worth of signed memorabilia. Within the case of a signed ebook related to Michael Richards, verifying the signature by way of these strategies assures potential consumers of its real connection to the comic and, consequently, its worth as a collectible. Thorough authentication protects towards fraudulent objects and maintains the integrity of the memorabilia market.
2. Guide Situation
The situation of a ebook considerably impacts its worth, particularly when contemplating signed memorabilia like a ebook related to Michael Richards. Collectors prioritize well-preserved objects, and situation performs a vital position in assessing authenticity and total desirability. Harm can detract from the aesthetic attraction and probably compromise the signature’s integrity, affecting the ebook’s market worth.
-
Mud Jacket Preservation
The presence of a mud jacket, significantly in pristine situation, considerably enhances a ebook’s worth. A mud jacket protects the ebook’s cowl from put on and tear, preserving its unique look. For a signed ebook, a pristine mud jacket supplies a clear floor for the autograph, maximizing its visible attraction.
-
Cowl Integrity
The situation of the ebook’s cowl instantly impacts its total look. Scuffs, tears, or stains detract from the ebook’s aesthetic attraction and probably decrease its worth. A clear, undamaged cowl preserves the ebook’s presentation and enhances the desirability of a signed copy.
-
Web page High quality
Crisp, undamaged pages contribute to a ebook’s total impression. Tears, creases, stains, or markings detract from the studying expertise and influence the ebook’s worth. Collectors want books with clear, well-preserved pages, particularly for signed copies the place the signature’s visibility and integrity are paramount.
-
Binding Stability
A safe binding ensures the ebook’s structural integrity. Free pages, a cracked backbone, or different binding points detract from the ebook’s longevity and desirability. A good, well-maintained binding preserves the ebook’s bodily integrity and enhances the worth of a signed copy.
These components of ebook situation collectively affect the desirability and market worth of a signed ebook. A well-preserved ebook with a pristine mud jacket, clear cowl, undamaged pages, and a steady binding maximizes the worth of a Michael Richards signature, making it a extra fascinating collectible for fanatics and traders. The situation evaluation supplies essential info for consumers and sellers, informing buying choices and making certain truthful market valuations.
3. Signature High quality
Signature high quality considerably influences the worth and desirability of a Michael Richards signed ebook. A transparent, daring, and well-executed signature provides to the aesthetic attraction and perceived authenticity of the merchandise. Conversely, a faint, smudged, or swiftly scribbled signature can detract from its worth and lift questions on its genuineness. A number of elements contribute to signature high quality evaluation.
Readability and legibility are essential features. A readily identifiable signature holds extra worth than one that’s tough to decipher. The boldness of the signature additionally performs a task. A robust, assured stroke suggests authenticity and enhances visible attraction. Ink colour and consistency are additionally elements to think about. A constant, vibrant ink colour contributes to a visually pleasing signature, whereas pale or uneven ink can diminish its influence. A signature positioned appropriately on the ebook, resembling on the title web page or a particular {photograph}, additional enhances its worth.
For instance, a signed copy of a “Seinfeld” script with a transparent, daring signature of Michael Richards positioned prominently close to his character’s strains would probably command the next value than a duplicate with a faint, barely legible signature hidden on a clean finish web page. The standard of the signature, subsequently, contributes on to the general worth and collectability of the merchandise. Understanding these nuances permits collectors and traders to make knowledgeable choices and respect the distinctions that influence market worth.
4. Inscription Personalization
Inscription personalization provides a big layer of worth and which means to signed memorabilia, significantly within the context of a Michael Richards signed ebook. A generic signature, whereas beneficial, typically lacks the non-public connection {that a} personalised inscription supplies. This distinctive aspect transforms a signed merchandise from a mass-produced commodity into a personalised souvenir, growing its sentimental and financial worth.
-
Particular Dedications
A dedication to a specific particular person provides a novel private contact. For instance, a ebook inscribed “To John, Greatest Needs, Michael Richards” transforms the merchandise into a customized gift, growing its sentimental worth for the recipient and probably growing its market worth on account of its distinctive nature.
-
Referenced Inside Jokes or Shared Experiences
Inscriptions referencing shared experiences or inside jokes create an intimate connection between the signer and the recipient. An inscription like “To Sarah, Keep in mind that time at Monk’s? Michael Richards,” referencing the fictional diner from “Seinfeld,” provides a layer of private significance that resonates with followers and additional individualizes the merchandise.
-
Quotes from Associated Works
A quote from “Seinfeld” or one other work related to Michael Richards provides a thematic layer to the inscription. For example, “To David, ‘No soup for you!’ Michael Richards,” connects the signed merchandise on to the performer’s iconic position, enhancing its attraction for collectors and followers of the present.
-
Dated Inscriptions
The inclusion of a date anchors the signing to a particular second in time, including historic context and potential worth. A dated inscription supplies verifiable provenance, permitting collectors to put the signing inside a particular timeframe and additional authenticate the merchandise.
These types of personalization elevate a Michael Richards signed ebook from a easy autograph to a personalised piece of memorabilia. The distinctive connection solid by way of a personalised inscription enhances the ebook’s emotional and financial worth, making it a extra fascinating and significant merchandise for collectors. The inscription’s particular content material provides a story layer, additional contextualizing the merchandise inside the broader cultural panorama of Michael Richards’ profession and the enduring legacy of “Seinfeld.”
5. Version Rarity
Version rarity considerably impacts the worth of a Michael Richards signed ebook. Shortage drives demand inside collectible markets, and restricted version books, significantly these signed by notable figures, typically command premium costs. Understanding the completely different sides of version rarity supplies essential context for collectors and traders.
-
First Editions
First editions symbolize the preliminary print run of a ebook and maintain specific significance for collectors. A primary version of a ebook associated to “Seinfeld” or Michael Richards’ profession, signed by the actor, can be extremely wanted on account of its historic significance and restricted availability. The sooner the printing inside the first version (e.g., a “first version, first printing”), the better the potential worth.
-
Restricted Version Releases
Publishers typically launch particular restricted editions of books, generally with distinctive options resembling slipcases, particular bindings, or bonus content material. A restricted version launch of a Michael Richards autobiography, numbered and signed, can be thought of extra beneficial than a typical version on account of its restricted availability and enhanced options.
-
Signed and Numbered Copies
Books particularly designated as a part of a restricted print run and signed by the creator or, on this case, the performer, are extremely fascinating for collectors. The mix of restricted availability and the direct connection to Michael Richards by way of his signature elevates the worth of those editions. A ebook signed and numbered “23/100,” for example, signifies its rarity and exclusivity.
-
Promotional or Advance Copies
Promotional copies, distributed for advertising and marketing functions or advance evaluation copies despatched to critics earlier than the official launch date, typically have distinctive traits that distinguish them from customary editions. These would possibly embody completely different covers, markings, or restricted print runs. Signed promotional copies associated to Michael Richards’ work can be extremely sought-after on account of their shortage and distinct options.
These sides of version rarity contribute considerably to the general worth of a Michael Richards signed ebook. The shortage inherent in first editions, restricted version releases, signed and numbered copies, and promotional objects will increase demand and drives costs upwards within the collector’s market. Recognizing these distinctions permits collectors to evaluate a signed ebook’s potential worth precisely and make knowledgeable choices when shopping for or promoting these distinctive items of memorabilia.
6. Market Worth
Market worth, within the context of a Michael Richards signed ebook, represents the value a keen purchaser would pay a keen vendor in a good transaction. A number of interconnected elements affect this worth, reworking a signed ebook from a easy commodity right into a probably beneficial collectible. Understanding these elements is essential for each consumers and sellers navigating this area of interest market.
-
Comparable Gross sales
Latest gross sales of comparable objects present a benchmark for assessing market worth. Monitoring public sale outcomes or gross sales information for Michael Richards signed books, significantly these with related inscriptions, editions, and circumstances, gives beneficial insights into present market traits and real looking value expectations. For instance, a primary version signed copy of a “Seinfeld” companion ebook promoting for a sure value supplies a comparable reference for related objects.
-
Demand and Shortage
The rules of provide and demand instantly influence market worth. Restricted availability coupled with excessive demand, significantly for uncommon editions or personalised inscriptions, drives costs upward. A signed copy of a limited-edition Michael Richards biography would probably command the next value than a available mass-market paperback. The shortage of sure objects contributes considerably to their market worth.
-
Situation and Preservation
The ebook’s situation, together with the presence and state of the mud jacket, cowl integrity, web page high quality, and binding stability, considerably impacts its market worth. A pristine, well-preserved signed ebook instructions a premium in comparison with a duplicate exhibiting indicators of damage and tear. Harm, resembling tears or stains, can considerably diminish market worth, particularly for collectors in search of high-quality objects.
-
Authentication and Provenance
Verifying the authenticity of the signature by way of respected third-party companies or documented provenance considerably impacts market worth. A licensed genuine signature assures consumers of the merchandise’s real connection to Michael Richards, growing its desirability and justifying the next value level. A transparent chain of possession additional solidifies the merchandise’s provenance and enhances its worth.
These elements collectively affect the market worth of a Michael Richards signed ebook. Analyzing comparable gross sales, understanding demand and shortage dynamics, assessing situation and preservation, and verifying authenticity by way of documented provenance present a complete framework for evaluating these distinctive collectibles. These insights are essential for collectors in search of to increase their collections strategically and for sellers aiming to cost their objects competitively and pretty inside the market.
7. Provenance Documentation
Provenance documentation performs a vital position in establishing the authenticity and worth of a Michael Richards signed ebook. A transparent, unbroken chain of possession, tracing the ebook’s journey from the second of signing to its current proprietor, supplies compelling proof of its legitimacy. This documentation mitigates the chance of buying forgeries and assures potential consumers of the merchandise’s real connection to the comic. A well-documented provenance enhances the ebook’s credibility and desirability inside the collector’s market. For instance, a signed ebook accompanied by {a photograph} of Michael Richards signing it, together with a certificates of authenticity from a good supplier, considerably strengthens its provenance and, consequently, its market worth. Conversely, a signed ebook missing provenance documentation raises questions on its authenticity and will deter potential consumers.
A number of types of provenance documentation contribute to a signed books authenticity. A certificates of authenticity from a revered autograph supplier specializing in leisure memorabilia gives professional verification. Images or movies of the signing occasion present visible proof linking the ebook on to Michael Richards. Letters of provenance from earlier homeowners, detailing the acquisition and possession historical past, additional strengthen the chain of custody. Detailed gross sales information from respected public sale homes or sellers supply extra verification. In instances the place the ebook was acquired instantly from Michael Richards, a signed affidavit or private letter testifying to the signing’s circumstances supplies irrefutable provenance. These numerous types of documentation, when mixed, create a complete historical past of the ebook’s possession, bolstering its authenticity and worth.
Provenance documentation gives vital sensible advantages for collectors and traders. It supplies a safeguard towards fraudulent objects, defending consumers from unknowingly buying forgeries. This documentation instills confidence within the authenticity of the signed ebook, permitting for correct valuations and knowledgeable buying choices. A well-documented provenance provides to a signed ebook’s marketability, attracting severe collectors keen to pay premium costs for verified objects. Furthermore, sturdy provenance safeguards the ebook’s long-term worth, making certain its enduring attraction within the collector’s market and probably growing its funding potential. The meticulous upkeep of provenance information preserves the ebook’s historic significance and ensures its enduring legacy as a real piece of leisure memorabilia.
8. Funding Potential
Signed memorabilia, significantly objects related to distinguished figures in leisure like Michael Richards, can current funding alternatives. Whereas not with out threat, a signed ebook, relying on its particular attributes, can respect in worth over time, probably providing a return on funding for collectors. A number of elements contribute to the funding potential of such objects.
-
Rarity and Demand
The shortage of an merchandise coupled with constant or rising demand drives worth appreciation. A signed first version of a uncommon Michael Richards biography, for example, would probably maintain better funding potential than a mass-produced, available signed paperback. Restricted availability will increase competitors amongst collectors, probably resulting in larger costs over time. Market dynamics play a key position in figuring out an merchandise’s funding trajectory.
-
Historic Significance
Objects related to vital cultural moments or milestones in a performer’s profession have a tendency to carry or improve in worth. A ebook signed by Michael Richards in the course of the peak of “Seinfeld’s” reputation, significantly if associated to the present, would possibly respect in worth because the present’s legacy endures and nostalgia grows amongst followers and collectors. Cultural relevance and historic context contribute to long-term worth appreciation.
-
Situation and Preservation
The situation of a signed ebook performs a vital position in its funding potential. A pristine, well-preserved merchandise, ideally with its unique mud jacket intact and minimal indicators of damage and tear, sometimes instructions the next value and is extra more likely to respect over time. Harm or deterioration can considerably influence an merchandise’s worth and diminish its funding potential. Cautious preservation is crucial for maximizing potential returns.
-
Authentication and Provenance
Verified authenticity by way of respected third-party authentication companies or clear provenance documentation considerably enhances funding potential. Authentication supplies assurance to consumers, growing confidence within the merchandise’s legitimacy and justifying larger costs. Documented provenance additional strengthens the merchandise’s credibility and long-term worth. These elements contribute to better market desirability and improve the chance of worth appreciation.
These elements contribute to the funding potential of a Michael Richards signed ebook. Cautious consideration of rarity, historic significance, situation, authentication, and provenance permits collectors and traders to evaluate the potential for long-term worth appreciation. Nonetheless, market fluctuations and unexpected circumstances can influence values, making it important to conduct thorough analysis and handle expectations realistically. Signed memorabilia needs to be thought of a part of a diversified gathering technique, understanding that market forces can affect returns.
9. Cultural Significance
Cultural significance, within the context of a Michael Richards signed ebook, extends past the intrinsic worth of an autograph. It displays the broader cultural influence of Michael Richards’ profession, primarily his iconic portrayal of Cosmo Kramer within the acclaimed tv collection “Seinfeld.” The present’s enduring reputation and its affect on comedy and common tradition imbue objects related to its solid members, together with signed books, with a cultural weight that transcends mere memorabilia. “Seinfeld’s” permeation of on a regular basis language, its progressive narrative construction, and its enduring comedic attraction contribute to the cultural significance of things related to the present. A signed copy of a “Seinfeld” script, for example, turns into a tangible piece of tv historical past, representing not simply the present itself but in addition its broader influence on cultural discourse.
This cultural significance manifests in a number of methods. The enduring reputation of “Seinfeld” sustains demand for related collectibles, together with signed books. Quotes, catchphrases, and operating gags from the present stay recognizable and often cited, additional solidifying its place in common tradition. This sustained relevance interprets into tangible worth for related memorabilia. Moreover, the present’s crucial acclaim and its recognition as a groundbreaking sitcom contribute to the perceived worth of associated objects. Awards, crucial evaluations, and scholarly analyses of “Seinfeld” cement its legacy and additional improve the cultural significance of related collectibles. A signed copy of a ebook concerning the making of “Seinfeld,” for example, features significance from the present’s acknowledged place in tv historical past. The continued educational and important engagement with “Seinfeld” ensures the enduring cultural relevance of related objects.
Understanding the cultural significance of a Michael Richards signed ebook supplies beneficial context for collectors and traders. This understanding informs valuations, buy choices, and long-term funding methods. Recognizing the broader cultural influence of “Seinfeld” and its enduring legacy supplies insights into the potential for sustained demand and worth appreciation. Moreover, appreciating the cultural weight of these things provides a layer of which means past financial worth, reworking a signed ebook from a easy commodity right into a tangible piece of cultural historical past. The cultural significance of a Michael Richards signed ebook represents a convergence of leisure historical past, comedic affect, and enduring common attraction. This understanding provides depth to the gathering expertise and supplies a framework for appreciating the broader cultural context of those distinctive objects.
Continuously Requested Questions
This part addresses widespread inquiries concerning books signed by Michael Richards, providing insights for collectors and fanatics.
Query 1: How can one decide the authenticity of a Michael Richards signature?
Authentication depends on a number of elements. Respected third-party authentication companies specializing in autographs supply professional evaluation and certification. Evaluating the signature to identified exemplars, inspecting ink traits, and verifying provenance documentation additionally contribute to authentication. A documented chain of possession, together with prior gross sales information or certificates of authenticity, strengthens the verification course of.
Query 2: What elements affect the worth of a Michael Richards signed ebook?
Worth is set by a mix of things. The ebook’s rarity (first editions, restricted print runs), situation, and the presence of a mud jacket contribute considerably. The signature’s high quality, together with readability and boldness, and the presence of a personalised inscription additional improve worth. Market demand and comparable gross sales information additionally affect pricing. A pristine, uncommon ebook with a transparent, personalised signature sometimes instructions the next value.
Query 3: The place can one purchase books signed by Michael Richards?
Potential sources embody respected public sale homes specializing in leisure memorabilia, established ebook sellers, and on-line marketplaces. Exercising warning and verifying authenticity earlier than buy is essential. Respected sellers typically present certificates of authenticity or detailed provenance info. Researching sellers and in search of professional recommendation can mitigate the chance of buying forgeries.
Query 4: How ought to a signed ebook be preserved to keep up its worth?
Preservation requires cautious dealing with and storage. Storing the ebook in a cool, dry surroundings away from direct daylight and humidity helps forestall injury. Utilizing archival-quality supplies, resembling acid-free sleeves and packing containers, additional protects the ebook and signature from deterioration. Dealing with the ebook with clear fingers minimizes the chance of staining or transferring oils to the pages and signature. Correct preservation maintains the ebook’s situation and safeguards its long-term worth.
Query 5: Are signed books associated to “Seinfeld” usually extra beneficial than different books signed by Michael Richards?
Objects instantly related to “Seinfeld” typically command larger costs because of the present’s enduring reputation and cultural significance. Signed scripts, first version copies of “Seinfeld” companion books, or different objects instantly associated to the present are usually extra wanted by collectors and subsequently have a tendency to carry or improve in worth extra readily than different signed supplies. The present’s cultural influence contributes considerably to the market worth of associated memorabilia.
Query 6: What are the dangers related to investing in signed memorabilia?
Investing in signed memorabilia carries inherent dangers. Market fluctuations, altering collector demand, and the potential for undiscovered forgeries can influence values. Authentication challenges and the subjective nature of worth assessments additional contribute to the chance. Signed memorabilia needs to be thought of a long-term funding, and purchases ought to align with gathering pursuits relatively than solely monetary achieve. Due diligence and cautious analysis are essential for knowledgeable decision-making.
Authenticity, situation, and provenance are paramount when contemplating books signed by Michael Richards. Thorough analysis and cautious consideration of those elements inform buying choices and defend towards potential dangers.
This concludes the FAQ part. The next part will delve additional into particular examples of Michael Richards signed memorabilia and their valuations.
Suggestions for Collectors of Signed Memorabilia
The next ideas present steerage for people keen on buying signed memorabilia, specializing in objects related to figures like Michael Richards, to make sure knowledgeable choices and accountable gathering practices.
Tip 1: Prioritize Authenticity: Verification of a signature’s legitimacy is paramount. Search authentication from respected third-party companies specializing in leisure memorabilia. Examine the signature towards identified exemplars and scrutinize ink traits for consistency. Prioritize objects accompanied by certificates of authenticity or sturdy provenance documentation.
Tip 2: Assess Situation Rigorously: The situation of a signed ebook considerably impacts its worth. Consider the mud jacket, cowl, pages, and binding for any indicators of damage and tear. Prioritize well-preserved objects, as situation impacts each aesthetic attraction and long-term worth. Harm, resembling tears, stains, or fading, can considerably diminish an merchandise’s price.
Tip 3: Analysis Market Worth: Seek the advice of current gross sales information from respected public sale homes or sellers specializing in related objects. Perceive the elements influencing market worth, together with rarity, demand, and situation. This analysis establishes real looking value expectations and informs buying choices, stopping overpaying for an merchandise. Examine costs throughout a number of sources to gauge truthful market worth.
Tip 4: Doc Provenance Meticulously: Keep detailed information of an merchandise’s possession historical past, together with buy dates, vendor info, and any accompanying authentication documentation. A well-documented provenance enhances an merchandise’s credibility and marketability, facilitating future resale or authentication if obligatory. Protect any accompanying certificates of authenticity, images, or letters of provenance.
Tip 5: Deal with and Retailer Objects Correctly: Defend signed books from environmental elements resembling direct daylight, humidity, and excessive temperatures. Retailer objects in archival-quality supplies, like acid-free sleeves and packing containers, to stop deterioration. Deal with books with clear fingers to keep away from transferring oils or contaminants. Correct storage safeguards situation and preserves long-term worth.
Tip 6: Interact with Respected Sellers: Buy signed memorabilia from established and respected sellers or public sale homes specializing in leisure collectibles. Confirm the vendor’s credentials and popularity inside the gathering group. Transparency concerning authentication and provenance is crucial. Respected sellers present detailed info and sometimes supply ensures of authenticity.
Tip 7: Train Warning On-line: Train heightened warning when buying signed memorabilia on-line. Confirm the vendor’s identification and scrutinize suggestions or evaluations from earlier consumers. Request clear photographs of the merchandise, together with the signature and any accompanying documentation. Be cautious of unusually low costs or sellers who keep away from offering detailed info. Impartial authentication is strongly suggested for on-line purchases.
Adhering to those ideas helps mitigate dangers and ensures accountable gathering practices. Knowledgeable choices maximize the enjoyment and potential worth of acquired objects.
The following conclusion will synthesize the important thing info introduced on this article, providing remaining insights for collectors and fanatics.
Conclusion
This exploration of the marketplace for a Michael Richards signed ebook has highlighted the multifaceted nature of such collectibles. Components influencing worth embody authenticity verification, ebook situation, signature high quality, inscription personalization, version rarity, market dynamics, provenance documentation, and the inherent cultural significance of things related to “Seinfeld.” Every aspect contributes to the general desirability and potential funding worth of those distinctive items of memorabilia. Authentication emerges as paramount, safeguarding towards forgeries and making certain the integrity of the collectible. Situation evaluation underscores the significance of preservation, instantly impacting each aesthetic attraction and market worth. The presence of a personalised inscription elevates a signed ebook from a mass-produced commodity into a novel, personalised souvenir.
Collectors in search of objects signed by Michael Richards should prioritize due diligence, meticulous analysis, and a radical understanding of market dynamics. Authentication, provenance, and situation ought to information acquisition choices. Recognizing the cultural significance embedded inside these collectibles enhances appreciation for his or her worth past financial concerns. In the end, knowledgeable gathering practices guarantee accountable stewardship of those tangible items of leisure historical past.